{"id":1025,"date":"2017-08-07T05:41:35","date_gmt":"2017-08-07T05:41:35","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/course.oeru.org\/art102\/?page_id=1025"},"modified":"2017-08-07T05:41:35","modified_gmt":"2017-08-07T05:41:35","slug":"methods-and-materials","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/course.oeru.org\/art102\/learning-pathways\/art-and-architecture\/methods-and-materials\/","title":{"rendered":"Methods and materials"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Introduction<\/h2>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\t
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The basic methods in building design and construction have been used for thousands of years. Stacking stones, laying brick or lashing wood together in one form or another are still used today in all parts of the world. But over the centuries, innovations in methods and materials have given new expression to architecture and the human footprint on the landscape. We can look to historical examples for clues that give context to different style periods.\n<\/p>\n

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In western culture, one of the earliest settlements with permanent structures was discovered at \u00c7atalh\u00f6y\u00fck<\/a> in Turkey. The rich soil that surrounds the settlement indicates the inhabitants relied in part on farming. Dated to about 7500 BCE, the dwellings are constructed from dried mud and brick and show wooden support beams spanning the ceilings. The design of the settlement incorporates a cell-like structure of small buildings either sharing common walls or separated by a few feet. The roofs are flat and were used as pathways between buildings.
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Post and Lintel<\/h2>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\t
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A significant advance came with the development of the post and lintel system. With this, a system of posts either stone or wood are placed at intervals and spanned by beams at the tops. The load is distributed down the posts to allow for areas of open space between them. Its earliest use is seen at Stonehenge (below, left), a prehistoric monument in southern England dating to about 3000 BCE.\n<\/p>\n