{"id":1544,"date":"2016-08-18T01:29:12","date_gmt":"2016-08-18T01:29:12","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/course.oeru.org\/criticalreasoning\/?page_id=1544"},"modified":"2016-08-18T01:29:12","modified_gmt":"2016-08-18T01:29:12","slug":"learning-pathway-2-answer-key","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/course.oeru.org\/criticalreasoning\/answer-keys\/learning-pathway-2-answer-key\/","title":{"rendered":"Learning Pathway 2 Answer Key"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"content\" class=\"mw-body container\" role=\"main\">\n<div class=\"row\">\n<div class=\"col-md-12\">\n<div class=\"panel\">\n<div class=\"panel-body\">\n<div id=\"bodyContent\">\n<div id=\"mw-content-text\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" class=\"mw-content-ltr\">\n<p><i>Quizzes 3, 4 and 5<\/i>\n<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Journal_Assignment_3\">Journal Assignment 3<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Identify the premises and conclusions in the following arguments:\n<\/p>\n<p><b>Note:<\/b> We will help you with answers to examples (4) and (5). Apply the knowledge you have gained from our discussions and explanations and complete activities (1), (2) and (3) on your own.<br \/>\nA good way to identify premises and conclusions in arguments is to underline the signal words, that is, the premise and conclusion indicators. Below we provide two lists of phrases that could serve as indicators to identify premises and conclusions. You may find these premise and conclusion indicators helpful when you have to identify premises and conclusions in arguments.\n<\/p>\n<p><b>Let us now do example (4) together:<\/b>\n<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p><i>Prisons in South Africa are a failure. First, they do not rehabilitate anyone. Second, they don\u2019t so much punish as provide free room and board. Third, they bring criminals together, thereby allowing them to swop information and refine their felonious offenses. Finally, those who have spent time in prison are far more likely to commit additional crimes than those who have never been in prison.<\/i>\n<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p><b>To identify the premises and conclusion of the argument, we underline the premise and conclusion indicators. This is done in the following way:<\/b>\n<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p><i>Prisons in South Africa are a failure. <u><b>First<\/b><\/u>, they do not rehabilitate anyone. <u><b>Second<\/b><\/u>, they don\u2019t so much punish as provide free room and board. <u><b>Third<\/b><\/u>, they bring criminals together, thereby allowing them to swop information and refine their felonious offences. <u><b>Finally<\/b><\/u>, those who have spent time in prison are far more likely to commit additional crimes than those who have never been in prison.<\/i>\n<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>In this argument the words \u201cfirst\u201d; \u201csecond\u201d; \u201cthird\u201d; and \u201cfinally\u201d serve as premise indicators. These signal words help us to identify the premises.\n<\/p>\n<p>The <b>premises<\/b> of the argument are:\n<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li> \u201cThey [prisons] do not rehabilitate anyone\u201d;\n<\/li>\n<li> \u201cThey [prisons] don\u2019t so much punish as provide free room and board\u201d;\n<\/li>\n<li> \u201cThey bring criminals together, thereby allowing them to swop information and refine their felonious offenses\u201d; and\n<\/li>\n<li> \u201cThose who have spent time in prison are far more likely to commit additional crimes than those who have never been in prison\u201d.\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The <b>conclusion<\/b> of the argument is: \u201cPrisons in South Africa are a failure\u201d.\n<\/p>\n<p><b>Let us now do example (5) together:<\/b>\n<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p><i>Capital punishment is morally wrong. It consists of killing human beings. The killing of human beings is morally wrong.<\/i>\n<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>In this argument there are <b>no premise or conclusion indicators<\/b>. How, then, do we identify the premises and conclusion of arguments, where indicator words were excluded? When we come across arguments where premise and conclusion indicator words or phrases have been left out, we could apply the principle of \u2018charitable interpretation\u2019. This means that the argument should be interpreted in such a way that the premises give the strongest support for the conclusion. In our opinion, there is no sense in dismissing an argument just because its premises and conclusion are not explicitly indicated.\n<\/p>\n<p>Let us apply the principle of \u2018charitable interpretation\u2019 to the argument in example (5).\n<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p><i>Capital punishment is morally wrong. It consists of killing human beings. The killing of human beings is morally wrong.<\/i>\n<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>For the premises to supply the strongest support for the conclusion, we can <b>rewrite<\/b> or recast this argument in the following way:\n<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p><i>The killing of human beings is morally wrong. Capital punishment consists of killing human beings. Therefore, capital punishment is morally wrong.<\/i>\n<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>The <b>conclusion<\/b> of the argument is: \u201cCapital punishment is morally wrong\u201d.<br \/>\nThe <b>premises<\/b> of the argument are: <i>\u201cThe killing of human beings is morally wrong\u201d and \u201cCapital punishment consists of killing human beings\u201d.<\/i>\n<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Journal_Assignment_4\">Journal Assignment 4<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Earlier on we have seen that a useful way to analyze arguments is to bracket the statements, underline the signal words (if there are any) and identify the premises and conclusions in the argument. Let us, then, apply this strategy to the arguments in Journal Assignment 4:\n<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Argument_1:\">Argument 1:<\/span><\/h3>\n<blockquote>\n<p><i>The diseases that people develop and their chances of recovering from them are related to their personalities. Some types of personality are more likely to develop heart disease or back pain. And patients with cancer tend to respond better to treatment if they can maintain an optimistic, combative attitude. Sometimes they are taught to visualise their disease as an enemy and to imagine fighting it. This fosters states of mind that hinder the progress of the disease. So we need to influence the mind in order to influence the body: our minds are distinct factors that control our bodies.<\/i>\n<\/p>\n<p><i>1. [The diseases that people develop and their chances of recovering from them are related to their personalities].<\/i>\n<\/p>\n<p><i>2. [Some types of personality are more likely to develop heart disease, or back pain].<\/i>\n<\/p>\n<p><i>3. And [patients with cancer tend to respond better to treatment if they can maintain an optimistic, combative attitude].<\/i>\n<\/p>\n<p><i>4. [Sometimes they are taught to visualise their disease as an enemy and to imagine fighting it].<\/i>\n<\/p>\n<p><i>5. [This fosters states of mind that hinder the progress of the disease].<\/i>\n<\/p>\n<p><i>6. So [we need to affect the mind in order to affect the body].<\/i>\n<\/p>\n<p><i>7. [Our minds are distinct factors that control our bodies].<\/i>\n<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p><b>Chain argument: <\/b>\n<\/p>\n<p>Main conclusion \u2014 7\n<\/p>\n<p>Premise for main conclusion \u2014 6\n<\/p>\n<p>Sub-conclusion \u2014 6\n<\/p>\n<p>Premises for sub-conclusion \u2014 1, 2, 3, 4, 5\n<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Argument_2:\">Argument 2:<\/span><\/h3>\n<blockquote>\n<p><i>Depression is a state of mind. But depression can often be relieved by antidepressant drugs. These drugs must affect our bodies, and in fact we know quite a lot about how they affect the brain. So changes in the brain can cause changes in the mind. So the mind is an aspect of the brain.<\/i>\n<\/p>\n<p><i>1. [Depression is a state of mind].<\/i>\n<\/p>\n<p><i>2. But [depression can often be relieved by antidepressant drugs].<\/i>\n<\/p>\n<p><i>3. [These drugs must affect our bodies]<\/i>\n<\/p>\n<p><i>4. and in fact [we know quite a lot about how they affect the brain].<\/i>\n<\/p>\n<p><i>5. So [changes in the brain can cause changes in the mind].<\/i>\n<\/p>\n<p><i>6. So [the mind is an aspect of the brain].<\/i>\n<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p><b>Chain argument:<\/b>\n<\/p>\n<p>Main conclusion \u2014 6\n<\/p>\n<p>Premise for main conclusion \u2014 5\n<\/p>\n<p>Sub-conclusion \u2014 5\n<\/p>\n<p>Premises for sub-conclusion \u2014 1, 2, 3, 4\n<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Argument_3:\">Argument 3:<\/span><\/h3>\n<blockquote>\n<p><i>Noise is an environmental pollution which upsets people, causes tempers to fray and builds up tension between neighbours. People tolerate a great deal of unnecessary noise even though it often drives them to distraction. Local authority noise patrols can obtain warrants to enter premises where noise and alarms are disturbing the neighbourhood. They can oppose the renewal of licences for noisy pubs. They can apply to the courts for fines of up to $4,000 for persistent noise offenders. Note that in this passage the premises are supplied, but the conclusion is missing. Therefore we are expected to fill in the implied conclusion.If we read this passage very carefully, understand what the author is trying to say, and think about the meaning of the premises in this argument, then we will see that the arguer is trying to make the following two points: (1) Noise is an environmental pollution which upsets people, and (2) we ought to make more use of local authority noise patrols to combat noise pollution. We should note that the main conclusion in this argument is missing. The think the main conclusion is: We ought to make more use of local noise patrols. A full analysis of the structure of this argument will only be complete when we have given the implicit main conclusion. To do this we need to rewrite (recast) the passage. We shall also place the statements one after the other to draw out the argument\u2019s chain character: <\/i>\n<\/p>\n<p><i>1. [Noise is an environmental pollution which upsets people] because<\/i>\n<\/p>\n<p><i>2. [Noise causes tempers to fray and because noise builds up tension between neighbours]<\/i>\n<\/p>\n<p><i>3. [People tolerate a great deal of unnecessary noise even though it often drives them to distraction]<\/i>\n<\/p>\n<p><i>4. [Local authority noise patrols can obtain warrants to enter premises where noise and alarms are disturbing the neighbourhood]<\/i>\n<\/p>\n<p><i>5. [Local authority noise patrols can oppose the renewal of licences for noisy bars]<\/i>\n<\/p>\n<p><i>6. [They can apply to the courts for fines of up to $4,000 for persistent noise offenders].<\/i>\n<\/p>\n<p><i>7. Therefore, [we ought to make more use of local noise patrols.<\/i>\n<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p><b>Chain argument<\/b>\n<\/p>\n<p>Main conclusion \u2014 7\n<\/p>\n<p>Premises for main conclusion \u2014 1, 4, 5, 6\n<\/p>\n<p>Sub-conclusion \u2014 1\n<\/p>\n<p>Premises for sub-conclusion \u2014 2, 3\n<\/p>\n<p><b>We should note that the main point (issue) of this argument is that we ought to make more use of local authority noise patrols to combat noise pollution.<\/b> Also, the premises supplied in the argument are relevant and give adequate support to the conclusion.\n<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Argument_4:\">Argument 4:<\/span><\/h3>\n<blockquote>\n<p><i>The fact is indisputable that, taking the average, say, of a hundred brains, the man has five or six ounces more brain than the woman. Some women will, of course, be found to have much larger brains than some men; but whenever the comparison embraces a sufficient number to yield a fair average, the superiority is invariably on the side of the man. And it is worthy of special remark that it is in the cerebrum, or brain proper, that these differences are very trifling. Now, when we reflect that the cerebrum is generally supposed to be the exclusive organ of the intellectual, volitional, and emotive faculties, and that it forms about nine-tenths of the whole mass usually designated as \u201cthe brain\u201d, or more correctly as \u201cthe encephalon\u201d, this marked superiority in the male cerebrum seems to lend scientific authority to the general verdict regarding the intellectual inferiority of women.<\/i>\n<\/p>\n<p><i>1. [The fact is indisputable that, taking the average, say, of a hundred brains, the man has five or six ounces more brain than the woman]<sup>1<\/sup>.<\/i>\n<\/p>\n<p><i>2. [Some women will, of course, be found to have much larger brains than some men]<sup>2<\/sup><\/i>\n<\/p>\n<p><i>3. but [whenever the comparison embraces a sufficient number to yield a fair average, the superiority is invariably on the side of the man]<sup>3<\/sup>.<\/i>\n<\/p>\n<p><i>4. And it is worthy of special remark that [it is in the cerebrum, or brain proper, that these differences are very trifling]<sup>4<\/sup>.<\/i>\n<\/p>\n<p><i>5. Now, [when we reflect that the cerebrum is generally supposed to be the exclusive organ of the intellectual, volitional, and emotive faculties]<sup>5<\/sup>,<\/i>\n<\/p>\n<p><i>6. and [that it forms about ninetenths of the whole mass usually designated as \u201cthe brain\u201d]<sup>6<\/sup>,<\/i>\n<\/p>\n<p><i>7. or more correctly as \u201cthe encephalon\u201d, [this marked superiority in the male cerebrum]<sup>7<\/sup><\/i>\n<\/p>\n<p><i>8. seems to lend [scientific authority to the general verdict regarding the intellectual inferiority of women]<sup>8<\/sup>.<\/i>\n<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p><b>Chain argument:<\/b>\n<\/p>\n<p>Main conclusion \u2014 8\n<\/p>\n<p>Premises for main conclusion \u2014 1, 4, 5, 6, 7\n<\/p>\n<p>Sub-conclusion \u2014 1\n<\/p>\n<p>Premises for sub-conclusion \u2014 2, 3\n<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Quiz_3\">Quiz 3<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>A. Complex\n<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li> Marriage is becoming unfashionable.\n<\/li>\n<li> Divorce rate is at an all-time high, and\n<\/li>\n<li> cohabitation is increasingly presented in a positive manner in the media.\n<\/li>\n<li> Movies are full of characters who live together and unwilling to commit to a lifelong partnership.\n<\/li>\n<li> Even newspaper columnists recommend people to live together for an extended period before marriage in order to test their compatibility.\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/WikiEducator.org\/File:PHI-130_M2Q3a.png\" class=\"image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" alt=\"PHI-130 M2Q3a.png\" src=\"\/\/WikiEducator.org\/images\/f\/f8\/PHI-130_M2Q3a.png\" width=\"200\" height=\"230\" class=\"img-responsive\"><\/a>\n<\/p>\n<p>B. Complex\n<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li> Jane doesn\u2019t have any eggs.\n<\/li>\n<li> Jane can\u2019t bake a cake.\n<\/li>\n<li> Harry didn\u2019t bring home the cake mix.\n<\/li>\n<li> Harry forgot to shop.\n<\/li>\n<li> You need ingredients to bake a cake.\n<\/li>\n<li> There will be no cake for dessert at Jane and Harry\u2019s tonight.\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/WikiEducator.org\/File:PHI-130_M2Q3b.png\" class=\"image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" alt=\"PHI-130 M2Q3b.png\" src=\"\/\/WikiEducator.org\/images\/8\/81\/PHI-130_M2Q3b.png\" width=\"243\" height=\"275\" class=\"img-responsive\"><\/a>\n<\/p>\n<p>C. Complex\n<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li> All men are mortal.\n<\/li>\n<li> Socrates is a man.\n<\/li>\n<li> Socrates is mortal.\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/WikiEducator.org\/File:PHI-130_M2Q3c.png\" class=\"image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" alt=\"PHI-130 M2Q3c.png\" src=\"\/\/WikiEducator.org\/images\/8\/83\/PHI-130_M2Q3c.png\" width=\"176\" height=\"226\" class=\"img-responsive\"><\/a>\n<\/p>\n<p>D. Complex\n<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li> Radiation can cause cancer.\n<\/li>\n<li> Nuclear power plants can be harmful to humans.\n<\/li>\n<li> We should shut down all nuclear power plants.\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/WikiEducator.org\/File:PHI-130_M2Q3d.png\" class=\"image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" alt=\"PHI-130 M2Q3d.png\" src=\"\/\/WikiEducator.org\/images\/7\/7c\/PHI-130_M2Q3d.png\" width=\"195\" height=\"304\" class=\"img-responsive\"><\/a>\n<\/p>\n<p>E. Simple\n<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li> Summer is the best time of year.\n<\/li>\n<li> You can go surfing in the ocean.\n<\/li>\n<li> School is out.\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/WikiEducator.org\/File:PHI-130_M2Q3e.png\" class=\"image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" alt=\"PHI-130 M2Q3e.png\" src=\"\/\/WikiEducator.org\/images\/9\/9d\/PHI-130_M2Q3e.png\" width=\"175\" height=\"211\" class=\"img-responsive\"><\/a>\n<\/p>\n<p>F. Simple\n<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li> Sunspots can interfere with Earth\u2019s magnetic fields.\n<\/li>\n<li> Many types of communications depend on Earth\u2019s magnetic fields.\n<\/li>\n<li> Sunspots can cause poor communications.\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/WikiEducator.org\/File:PHI-130_M2Q3f.png\" class=\"image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" alt=\"PHI-130 M2Q3f.png\" src=\"\/\/WikiEducator.org\/images\/6\/62\/PHI-130_M2Q3f.png\" width=\"165\" height=\"207\" class=\"img-responsive\"><\/a>\n<\/p>\n<p>G. Simple\n<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li> The stock market influences the confidence that people have in the economy.\n<\/li>\n<li> When the stock market is high, people feel wealthier.\n<\/li>\n<li> An interest rate decrease will improve the stock market.\n<\/li>\n<li> The Federal Reserve Board should lower interest rates.\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/WikiEducator.org\/File:PHI-130_M2Q3g.png\" class=\"image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" alt=\"PHI-130 M2Q3g.png\" src=\"\/\/WikiEducator.org\/images\/9\/92\/PHI-130_M2Q3g.png\" width=\"252\" height=\"270\" class=\"img-responsive\"><\/a>\n<\/p>\n<p>H: Simple\n<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li> Sacramento appears to be on track for a \u201csoft landing\u201d.\n<\/li>\n<li> Sacramento has decent job growth.\n<\/li>\n<li> There will probably be an increase in job hiring by the state government.\n<\/li>\n<li> There are signs of stabilization in the housing market.\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/WikiEducator.org\/File:PHI-130_M2Q3h.png\" class=\"image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" alt=\"PHI-130 M2Q3h.png\" src=\"\/\/WikiEducator.org\/images\/f\/fd\/PHI-130_M2Q3h.png\" width=\"268\" height=\"274\" class=\"img-responsive\"><\/a>\n<\/p>\n<p>I: Complex\n<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li> We can\u2019t trust science.\n<\/li>\n<li> The scientific method uses inductive reasoning and\n<\/li>\n<li> inductive reasoning is probabilistic; it never reaches absolute certainty.\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/WikiEducator.org\/File:PHI-130_M2Q3i.png\" class=\"image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" alt=\"PHI-130 M2Q3i.png\" src=\"\/\/WikiEducator.org\/images\/b\/be\/PHI-130_M2Q3i.png\" width=\"236\" height=\"329\" class=\"img-responsive\"><\/a>\n<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Quiz_4\">Quiz 4<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Identify Premises and Conclusions in an argument:\n<\/p>\n<p>1. It will likely rain today.  The weatherman said it would rain and he is reporting information gathered by reliable instruments.\n<\/p>\n<dl>\n<dd> Premises:<\/p>\n<dl>\n<dd> The weatherman said it would rain.\n<\/dd>\n<dd> He is reporting information gathered by reliable instruments.\n<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/dd>\n<dd> Conclusion:<\/p>\n<dl>\n<dd> It will likely rain today.\n<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<p>\n2. The man I saw break into the apartment was wearing a hoodie. Philip is wearing a hoodie. He must be the man I saw break into the apartment.\n<\/p>\n<dl>\n<dd> Premises:<\/p>\n<dl>\n<dd> The man I saw break into the apartment was wearing a hoodie.\n<\/dd>\n<dd> Philip is wearing a hoodie.\n<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/dd>\n<dd> Conclusion:<\/p>\n<dl>\n<dd> Philip must be the man I saw break into the apartment.\n<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<p>\n3. All dogs are mammals; Rex is a dog; Rex is a mammal.\n<\/p>\n<dl>\n<dd> Premises:<\/p>\n<dl>\n<dd> All dogs are mammals; Rex is a dog\n<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/dd>\n<dd> Conclusion:<\/p>\n<dl>\n<dd> Rex is a mammal\n<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Quiz_5\">Quiz 5<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Identify Value and Empirical arguments\n<\/p>\n<p>Value = V; Empirical = E\n<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>    _E_   Dogs have tails. Fido is a dog. Fido has a tail.\n<\/li>\n<li>    _V_   John Huston made great movies. \u201cThe Maltese Falcon\u201d was directed by John Huston. \u201cThe Maltese Falcon is a great move.\n<\/li>\n<li>    _E_   Hybrid cars use less fossil fuel than standard cars. A Prius is a hybrid car. Driving a Prius will contribute to lessening climate change.\n<\/li>\n<li>    _V_   A good test question tests material covered in the course. The questions on Prof. Smith\u2019s exam all came from material covered in the course. Prof. Smith\u2019s exam questions were good.\n<\/li>\n<li>    _V_   War is hell. We should not go to war.\n<\/li>\n<li>    _E_   65% is the lowest passing grade on the exam. Erin got 80% on the exam. Erin passed the exam.\n<\/li>\n<li>    _V_   Whatever reduces pain is morally good. Legalizing euthanasia would reduce pain. Therefore, euthanasia is morally good.\n<\/li>\n<li>    _E_   When it rains, it pours.  It\u2019s raining. Therefore it\u2019s pouring.\n<\/li>\n<li>    _E_   Fingerprints are unique identifiers. Tom\u2019s fingerprints were found on the gun. Tom shot Jim.\n<\/li>\n<li>    _V_   The Bible says that killing innocents is a sin. Unborn babies are innocent. Therefore abortion is a sin.\n<\/li>\n<li>    _E_   Oak trees produce acorns. There are acorns all over the ground. Therefore there must be an oak tree here.\n<\/li>\n<li>    _V_   Confucius said that the greatest virtue involved children serving and honoring their parents. Mary is John\u2019s mother. Therefore John should serve and honor Mary.\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><!-- \nNewPP limit report\nCPU time usage: 0.064 seconds\nReal time usage: 0.069 seconds\nPreprocessor visited node count: 37\/1000000\nPreprocessor generated node count: 44\/1000000\nPost\u2010expand include size: 0\/2097152 bytes\nTemplate argument size: 0\/2097152 bytes\nHighest expansion depth: 2\/40\nExpensive parser function count: 0\/100\n--><\/p>\n<p><!-- Saved in parser cache with key wikiedu-mw_:pcache:idhash:177767-0!*!*!!*!2!* and timestamp 20160818005052 and revision id 1008692\n -->\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"visualClear\"><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"row\">\n<div class=\"col-md-12\">\n<ul class=\"pager\">\n<li class=\"previous\">\n            <a href=\"\/criticalreasoning\/answer-keys\/learning-pathway-1-answer-key\">\u2190 Previous<\/a>\n          <\/li>\n<li class=\"next\">\n            <a href=\"\/criticalreasoning\/answer-keys\/learning-pathway-3-answer-key\">Next \u2192<\/a>\n          <\/li>\n<\/ul><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<footer>\n<br \/>\n<\/footer>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Quizzes 3, 4 and 5 Journal Assignment 3 Identify the premises and conclusions in the following arguments: Note: We will help you with answers to examples (4) and (5). Apply the knowledge you have gained from our discussions and explanations and complete activities (1), (2) and (3) on your own. A good way to identify [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":1540,"menu_order":4200,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1544","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/course.oeru.org\/criticalreasoning\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1544","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/course.oeru.org\/criticalreasoning\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/course.oeru.org\/criticalreasoning\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/course.oeru.org\/criticalreasoning\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/course.oeru.org\/criticalreasoning\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1544"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/course.oeru.org\/criticalreasoning\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1544\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1545,"href":"https:\/\/course.oeru.org\/criticalreasoning\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1544\/revisions\/1545"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/course.oeru.org\/criticalreasoning\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1540"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/course.oeru.org\/criticalreasoning\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1544"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}