{"id":1548,"date":"2016-08-18T01:29:17","date_gmt":"2016-08-18T01:29:17","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/course.oeru.org\/criticalreasoning\/?page_id=1548"},"modified":"2016-08-18T01:29:17","modified_gmt":"2016-08-18T01:29:17","slug":"learning-pathway-4-answer-key","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/course.oeru.org\/criticalreasoning\/answer-keys\/learning-pathway-4-answer-key\/","title":{"rendered":"Learning Pathway 4 Answer Key"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n

Quizzes 7, 8, 9 and 10<\/i>\n<\/p>\n

Journal Assignment 7<\/span><\/h2>\n

1. In your own words, explain the difference between deductive and inductive arguments. Write down two examples of each in your journal.<\/i><\/span><\/h3>\n

In a deductive argument<\/b> the premises already contain the conclusion. If all the premises in a deductive argument are true (in a provable sense), then its conclusion must be true also, because the claim asserted by its conclusion has already been stated in its premises. Put differently, in a valid deductive argument the truth of the premises supports with certainty the truth of the conclusion.\n<\/p>\n

Inductive arguments<\/b> have conclusions that supply more information than is contained in their premises. In an inductive argument the supporting connection between its premises and conclusion is loose and there is no strict proof in induction. We can say that inductive reasoning is a matter of reasonable expectation based on experience, such as observation. Inductive arguments are common in everyday situations and in the domain of science in its search for knowledge.\n<\/p>\n

Example<\/b> of a deductive<\/b> argument:\n<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. If Susan is a mother, then Susan is female.\n<\/li>\n
  2. Susan is a mother.\n<\/li>\n
  3. Therefore, Susan is female.\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    Example<\/b> of inductive<\/b> argument:\n<\/p>\n

      \n
    1. The phenomenon of consciousness cannot be explained according to Descartes\u2019 dualistic view of mind and body.\n<\/li>\n
    2. Consciousness is not located in the mind, or the body.\n<\/li>\n
    3. Therefore, consciousness is a field of experience \u201csituated\u201d in the world.\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      2. Explain the difference between valid deductive arguments and invalid deductive arguments and then write down two examples of each in your journal.<\/i><\/span><\/h3>\n

      Validity depends on form. Example of valid deductive<\/b> argument:\n<\/p>\n

      \n
      All men are mortal,\n<\/dd>\n
      Socrates is a man,\n<\/dd>\n
      Therefore, Socrates is mortal.\n<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n

      The structure of the argument is valid because the premises give sufficient and even necessary support for the conclusion.\n<\/p>\n

      Example of invalid deductive<\/b> argument:\n<\/p>\n

      \n
      If Philippa is fit, she will run the marathon.\n<\/dd>\n
      Philippa is not fit.\n<\/dd>\n
      Therefore, she will not run the marathon.\n<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n

      The structure of the argument is invalid because the premises do not give sufficient support for the conclusion to follow. There might be many reasons why Philippa will not run the marathon: the fact that she is not fit is simply one such reason. Alternatives are possible.\n<\/p>\n

      3. In your online references, identify the differences between three major types of inductive arguments. Name each type and write down examples of each in your journal.<\/i><\/span><\/h3>\n

      Statistical extrapolation<\/i><\/span><\/h4>\n

      A statistical syllogism proceeds from a generalization to a conclusion about an individual.\n<\/p>\n