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Starting the research process

What does the research process start with?
- A research topic
  - Correct. First we have a topic in mind
- A research method
  - Incorrect. The method is selected to address the research question
- A theory
  - Could be. Sometimes the researcher has a theory in mind, and they will look for a question still pending in that theory
- A practical problem
  - Possibly. However, you would have to go and see if there is a gap in theory explaining this problem .

Research ethics

What ethical principles should you keep in mind when designing research?
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Research merit, which mean the research is meant to benefit science and society ;
Research integrity, which means that researchers act responsibly, in a thorough and competent manner, meeting their professional obligations, and being truthful.
The justice of the research, which means it distributes benefits and burdens fairly;

Research ethics: recruitment

What ethical principles should you keep in mind when recruiting participants for research?
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Informed consent, which mean the researcher lets participants know in advance everything that might reasonably be expected to affect their decision ;
Voluntary participation, which means that participants are free to refuse or stop their participation at any time.
Confidentiality, which means the researcher does not disclose information about the participants without their consent;
Anonymity, which means not disclosing individuals’ participation in the study, and removing identifying details from reported data;

Research ethics: Beneficence

What does the principle of beneficence consider?
- The extent of care researchers offer to participants
  - Incorrect. Although this care is important, it is not what beneficence is about.
- The proven benefits of the research versus potential benefits
  - Incorrect. We often do not have proof of benefits before research has been done, and therefore we cannot evaluate them.
- The potential harm to participants versus potential harm to society
  - Not really. Of course, potential harm to participants and potential harm to society need to be considered as part of the beneficence principle, but remember considering the benefits too
- The extent of potential benefits versus potential harm
  - Correct. The benefits of the research must be greater than its potential harm.

Research questions

Where can you find ideas for research question?
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Informal observation of behaviours firsthand, or secondhand observations from nonscientific sources, such as newspapers, books, and so on.;
Ideas can come from practical problems, and inspire applied research in fields like law, health, education, and sports.
Past research often suggests directions for research, typically in the last major section of a research article ;

Research Methods and Design

Module 1: Introduction

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